An Updated" Hlstory Of The
New: Afnkan son Struggle

by Sundiata Acoli
AN UPDATED HISTORY OF THE
NEW AFRIKAN PRISON STRUGGLE

et i the et h o Ak e O (AP0 g tees o
nd Deveopmentof heNew Ak Lieredon -

e e oot gty k4 i e Erlek g W e o
et bk o efn s o Al sl h v b ey e e
Jomed e Ak o Mok A, ot o Sl ke s 2
THE 16TH CENTURY.

THROUGH THE CIVIL WAR
LHROUGH THE CIVIL WAR

e e of modem U pecdion o
ey

o e+ it vt of st
e preca 0.5 poiey ofsecuing e e
ety gt 5

il o o e e e eyt i i
R bk e o L OV 143 ot e s s

e knowa 1 oy Hil i Piladephin conced o
1629wl nid ot 0t o risone v v slhr.
e bt g, Tl ettt gty
oyl e sl by . e st
e, which wa deslped sty fo cping
et comc abor. Under 0 ey, rtsnes wers
owed syl bt ke oeter oy s
e e of e el o, wder oy e
{mentof el all covics sk i e s,
The madl o s i s p o At New g
in 1025, whc ey it b ok i s e

By 1650 sty 700 prl were fov
he o'y coeryo pelon sy At sonsof
thepisoies wet Blck They v more vl
ecommicaly ot he oy et e were
e mesof il onel. Duriog iy e o
Alian (Bck) . wores, s i e sty
mrsoned o e o plauion s hatelsave. e
Ingly. b Ak g i o vl we o on
il e e valls o save e cugh o
i, o, bunecion, iom o s
lovicwns plsonagof e shvemsie, sl s aod

oy, e wrs eapures,the conimcd e
sl eind he wls of e ol i, any of eich
e s e b capred

Laebey were

D e e —
e cmgng o ke G pce o e et form o
ey covic e st T sy s 1850,
e eiscmen i ncrel,he remied fly sl
I ko etveen 7 135 e pr 100500
Pl The il ssgrecospud ity

. duiog e
g of b Cull Wt deched e love o

ot il ehelon b e s ong
el ontalve i ueson, Thce s il

Prociumion i e resch
e et v e 1%, 165, Thl el

et i colbraed sl by New Ao n
Tt g s Dlack depandrce Dy

POST CIVIL WAR
O THE 20TH CENTURY
——E20TH CENTURY

ey e e Cli Wo e oo e

o e o Black s vt prsned fo o,
i 1t g v ke i comacs <o g

s tolokin e "wreg” way o some Wi eon

B e e —
pecive by Wiies o be o e et s e
ol s i on the syt i+ s
Proviad e Black wascumbere nd oo Dl
O Black i was he i comtlre oty
by e US. o sy, St peny o o g
et most e Aliens wer loe ong e s
Pt

Wahin v yets ate e end of o Civi i,
Black prcentages o the pris ppetaon et rom v
103601033 percem. Maeyof e prlson s ey
ot Whies s an s wages? Tt e comict
e sy sppared 0 have et dvaniges o .
indone: ey did ot o h comic, s hesecoud.
ot 10 work e e, (T e -Gt ¥k
Wi sctulyuvs s e o o iy e s
sy by comprson). T Presdnk of e howd o
Ipctor of Convisforthe Sateof Al .
Dbvion, dicovere tht n 1565 e dentn
Al lack comvicts wes 41 percen.
e hviouyaecstry Mgt mamged v st b
annal deat i o eed Blac <omity baween 1803
841887t mere 15 porcent . v g e
become the s v s o many N Aons.
Likewis, e Al s sl conged o o
i ek the wlls o v qurters o gl
e h wallof oty ko, chb g oy,
erdthe lasiossnd (s ot wid
o libore

THE 20TH CENTURY
THROUGH WORLD WAR It
———" DL DWARD

From 1910 beough 1950, icks made up 21 0 34 et
ol e prisoners 0 he U, s sy Mot -ops
conlone by he s i T oo O
(taring Sidcy P, Blck, sd Tory Cots s W),
o TExcaped Frmhe Chin Gon” taing Pk Mo+
Wl it i g ‘Cod ot Ll
(acing Pas Newmtn Wi, Sohrn e png)

el e o
s ot sl US,pis poeonswee
ey . Tt . The US: s e
sl i 1950, g e gl v b
e . Rogr esons 1936 ovriow o
o ons A i 1 s i bkt
Tz we sl s campe s Anglt,
ol which ver cumposed ol mon s
one o wome. Only i the wor's
ump et i and colre e
e B . D were i cred snd.
ol by o bl of S prln
o, ol e wih e
ot or vl et ol
v b s sgar it iy
ey ity Beongry mavaof
ol e profable pding md
einig o, One you sew hcpraion
e s o i basyess o
oy i o e - e ou
e wht h s e e e
ol e coms e, yousderood
o eyt ot i
g e S snd g s
ndandig f he e bss o e
ijgaton st h goes. Abhesth oy
0 et ofh et popeionl
Lo s s e was clord. 83
ot of e prco popusion s e
Cpotveponn

s were s, s ool
. by Fplon b soer i
et shevbte, ey s of b e
o e s o et et s,
o A e M e oty Wi
b S e o i st
i e ey themvs oty
v a1 o ko b B gt e ot
st Ty oo e ng
et vl o e v
e Atk ety e b
vt v e Al g e W
e e Bk it o o it
e et e e Coll Vo e W Vo
10 vl ot il et g
il . o e Ve conc g
e by ot oy T v P
Lo ik e o e o e
s iy compaet et i Nord
i e S Gt lri porlonsl e
i wih e wale Tt vt s e
Vi . o of 0 gl e W
o o o ok R s gl
it G o i e o et

leed 1 ey comuciors o amers. U 1883,
Teaes o Tun it oy s s dem s
ool o e s i h vl f S e
iy e pced e emlder ity ircion
hn Aees ot wers et o o ovEEE
e i, 1 P,y o i
Vet et b s frmg 4 sl s e
el e i

e Alranpsers comlaned 0 gy bbnd
el hese seepd comvct e e, oy
Wb, chle g cxp, e e plon,
Ve i codiion o hr emaloed mch e
Tovoah Ve W . i comdion sl el
Conios n heayr sy G e wali, e by
et s coc ol had mosky pplemd ey
mesrre.

POSTWORLD WAR Il
TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA

Tiags bt change e ke ofWord War L. Fo
Tt Doimg gt whered s chiegs. Ty
i e s poelion apoion, e drg .

g ofnpenden Al s, 14 b Gl
R Movemet.

A &
[SAN AWRy &
UKeLE

‘The Ghett Population Explesion.

Plsll b o the s, cupedvithsevers
Shoagsof Wil ek, e US, wa s e
New Allas drves. Sohernew Al o
sl e wbeado b cppertinic, o
ey cromded ghego popsetons drucmed.

Drug Inflex

Mew Alikan s ot do o ko
e Epesndemoemcis. Ty stmmad home s
{oJa ha B9t 10 mak epicd Amerisdemae b
Bt U bd i Marcus Gavey e i
st lovig Woid Var o o of e et
Dl morescas e ek bemiphes. Tt e
VLS. wat o preped s ol o e ey
Now Alfia cienes. Thi vespon s ‘Kiog
e TS o e ey
g Wodd Va0 g cigee oy e
st Mol

Bt Vot W . Mool bk on
18 wich g e vy
e e kit
Mt Ml st e st
i e P e e G
Copenicwihthe Ml bt e U S
Sl o mary S, e s S

52y mch atenien o e g
“They hosghhe Mt coc el e, e psdop oy

84 d ioard S, e o bt o ol
Sican e st o Mt

[Deiog Wed i . the Ofco Suiege Srvic
(055, e e of e Coed o

e Aucie CIA bl o commte
Loty Lalins eincs i e o s
s ok reputaion o iy Laci
s uong o he s e
e s of ot
g nffcin. Toe OSS oew i
el e o h S oo
‘i he et of tht e o .
Al o I iy 545 Vo
Lociang et he US., o pelie
o ot wee e s h Bk
decs o ware i ooy b wht was e
istf ey oot et g
s vt e by e U5 govrnmc
o sbanc s g oty e
Al e e
e e US.ooked he o way s b
Mot e mafr US. ghes with
i, Wi yesrsates W Va1,
i e Ml ke sy o

0000 el vt i, many e

-~

‘The Emergence of
Independent Afelkan Nations

Al o i, ing fsgh o e
Erspanndependence, e e Alfon oo,
nd e S o e iependees o

celonledsaos: Rther e g o
1%, ot Ervpen s o 1 -
Indpendene o bl Alian coome. The 33t

e newlycmrging Independens Al s
sl colomn. o coumersc s posibiy ae o
i o dsepeate, s 4 e
U Suprem Comt dechaed el
Tl i
T berlded th beginig of e e o S5 e
onta the Unllod Staics, e Supere Cout s
lly v o e relaics between Amri's oo
poces e g iyt b e
s amicuscurie (.. Gl o the o) it
e

epeguionlg.

e T ——
Svate bt eedomand yrarny st
82 problem o ell dcrini
e vewed.. for) iscinimtion s
ety gups i he Ul Setes o
vt sl vpon ot emons i

b counres Racil dciminaion
oihes oo h commutt prep:

G e among
ity of o éevton
o hedemocet 0%

Mo X provides
it might o he i
Vi e U3, decicnto
g, Dein i ebrosy
ok s t Rochsg. e
Yo Com 1 Mot
oo ik

From 1954101964 e
ey be o upn

e ofhecmering

‘i st A he
Jr——
St e 8 v

he Bk Amedcas

it B o sl she 4 st St
i .5 bad o change s sprsch
e rapeon e Alican comner.

e e b 1 hung el prch
Vit popl i comnet. Av ey
kg onth Alicsn o
. ey e 0 d e s g
b n o S Tl
Ty v hey e v ke
.. Ty came upwith» St
ot deeesaion deion bt ey
Rt et i ety Reven
R, mch s i g
ey

Origin o the Civl Rights Moveament

nDucember 1,195, M. B Pk deied
Montgomery Abbama's bussegsgation s by refiog o
e hr st o4 Wl Hor sbsequer vt -
Ceming o b byeon by th Mstgomery Now Alflan
Cimmany Meked o e il Righ Moversnt, Ml
Lher King . Young collcecibcaed Beplt e,
v chosen o corlons o Ul by ity

e, i secion (ot ederblp cxpatd i opon
i sage of sy T 31 oy boyet opled
Montpomery Vs epepaioncodes

osgh . Loy s putof s opl-
sl s o ke o s

TR et 5o i M s o,

5

e
st e e

Aberay i Mgy s P
Sherwor s Birmihm, At Todor T 1)
Scnbon o B Reae, Lokt o Coles K Sl
b, . The et vepeos el B
ot sed ks, b by ver s sy
Ty e o sk morly I Mosigomsy o s
ot in Al e of Mgy b
eyt h miins et Now O ey 1957
d e i Souars Cotan Lol Coferencs
(5CLD wih i L King, e, 1 et -
Lovary st s pesen who Klg e sl 1
oo of o bowd ™ Moot i, s 35T, Ghant
e o i f s S Al s 0
Ve e g entoce.

“As o incisinai, bl gheton,d e
g wee g of e New Al sabers
‘e thewal,Sethers sepepon b copeca o
dependen Al ot o skl Kighs
Miorenetpovied ose st s wi
e o sgode: cqualty s Ghcroioion

CIVIL RIGHTS THROUGH
‘THE BLACK POWER ERA

‘Religlous Steuggles n Prison

Meanie i e alls, ol st of
N Alan bega g Westes oy, bey

ol 4 preched by B M s o
b (MO 1o o Drew ALl Ml Scece
emmtect meia (IST) The MOl e xched i i
s e v rehon o Blackpople, B Blcks were e
i poploncarth, i Blacks ' Amric were s
ot e s nepndese. Toe MST ekt
{ha e At Blck eople i i st o i
oy s meber o e e oor o Neer
Al Thse e eliglos rodcd psificnt s
s o New Al i ebabl e
e byl o i s st of i,
iy, i o ot e sl
st ange e Ot b peonoffcls. Ty
more rthwith o rapress thes elrs, b may ety
ks were oty panectd beie, v kel

orpcicie e bl Tho Mol fgh bk
Ty,

Cinl Rights Struggles I Pison

Lie Amecan set, e pises wee gy
sepeped. Now Aloss wers e o pefors b
et it o etk ey etk
koo, g dgenl s wer e i
ol e o e, o s posin
ool v o Wi psons. it -
syl sl ol ctherwens of s, New
i e s 11 cral ol ok o s,
ati e e o he st bl n D back s -
morin, TV o, s e recvloa cles.
e by e s dcimisionwpec ol e
(Ol Rghs Mo poviog mmber of New Aldans
cd the vl begansping o ik g gt
Gucolotonia pdaon. Audacios New Afae b
Viluin lngafing tepeghicn cods b gl be

T comier it n i Tochon, Ml

At of D Martt Lshr King i Monigomar Alsbome,
Scpember 1558

o e prveged posons: ier il cume
Trom New At s Mol e i s,
\aking s s ghing back. P et e, e
el st i e et rmeion
o iy th New Ak ersicn vzl s
el i 50 il Right . vy s
o, e b h Cqunipts- il
e o e Gl Right v, wnkd et s
it econintheMase’ oo o el ot

il e esped s, nd hal peon rcl dct
st code b oulawed.

BLACK POWER THROUGH
THE BLACK LIBERATION ERA

At il Rghts Movermcnt ivanced ot e
601, New Ao collgs s waded oo g
v o comer o, reedos b,
Vo mgiton pejcts. On A 15, 960 it
Conmance vl e h sl o i Bl B
et ket SCL. The Sdes el
Conlanieg Commitia (NCC) was fomt i i
petd o corlue s vt dert vl
Romviolent b o crguleg vote e s
d tber il Rghs ok Thess el youn.
sty 2 th yout s g, seved o s o sl
oo Movrman. Thy provdedndapsiale v,
o, et procton ool commudylnders i s
e Low Hame il Baker Sepis Cu b Mese,
Ao Msee, Dy B, e eolns s s o
he Gl Rghs Movame. Albough ey o i
mesured e, Whie it sl moved s o
e il Righs workes

VoungNew Al i ores ege b o
ocesiagy dheocanid i 0 onrles 1y of
M Lot Kiog. My bega b lookncreingly
owud Mok X. he ey you miir o O Teple
e Tl e, New York. T ald "l e,
et by s e sy, and o e
e A alcam e, e v b nvdced b
NOHdocin v imisoned n Massconct. Upon
el b vl o Dt o et B Mo,
convred o, 1o wa iven e sumime "X 0
el it dcaded v’ . Th Xyl
T gl st s hstry when s frpues
‘wee idapged from A, pped of e e,

Tingge o Moy, nd v n s A, A
Ml X b becum o of Bl Mobmmaf's most
e e, s o Nonal Mier -
‘poetperon fr G NOL. it bon el umcompble
gt s couge, coe esmur ey, bty
ek ke, et rpsi s son reght
ROl o posincl romioccs wibia he Blck gheto
oo e B U5,

Origin of the Revolutionary Action Movement

Do e 1 of 1961, . of cumpuschapeof
he o o Democoic Sy (5D9)formed st
s Con S Collg, et Chaleng. Crlege
“wis bk i frmain v el ealogy. Pt
ke s st who o b expled om
S chol o damemrnlons, ot who b
ok e s sd e rom i, o o
‘Wb had e mamber of e NO! od Al ol

g+
1010 shent oy In e yerlong
it i e collgs st

o ver dnt g, member of
Chilnge beeume moredlcrtasd.
Colenge member tesdd it
oot oo o il
e ndemonveniont o s
Donad Feema, lack et
Oy o W Revavs Gt
et conpondencs wid
Chleng’s e who dcasd the
Iaetogct apos of e il ights
e Syt of 1962,
St et Lef, v adcal g
ey ponedNrla s il
“Revaltonary Nulosaiam 1 the
Ao metrn Fremun et
et o Culege cdre el hem
1o eoaly sy e i, Ha s
Lk it b wet
Sdyin e e and at s
et b et he
i st h N, g the
S o SNCC bt ot o
NARCP1d CORE.
[ep—
et deled oo ok
T

el X it o f N g, 1964,

7

en S, Mietins wes eld i s
s o echcls, i nd oo, A vt
i v e oy sl v e
RAM, e b K 8 Revelony Acn
Moveren.

T Colene cuee met e dected o Gslve
s RAM ad bcom he RAM e, RAM

o ll e gt . Al hcion, b
(o RAM cors dacused wha 1ot Somead
1 ol e o t Conrl S sady cecured,
NI b . Someof e cor b o
Sty 1 o it s e e govermes, vl .
o dcidd e s commbios ke 0
orpias woed Frecman' b osline. Two e
tring e wer Waade sl ed Mo St
o e Akt Miharesd b, ho nspliied

‘RAM fom iveen o haes of P, New
York 1o o ban s

The March on Washington

101963, Maloln X opnly e th Mach o
Wsingon . He el e dese o 4 st
machon e s cpeal il sang o e

Blck s o thesverge Back masfwomn mthe
et s el way of demonsuiog s s ik
enad for o s o, As o rew o
Vi, bt Kesody sl mein f b bty
1he i et i Rights cepation, dibbed “The By
S it Ausociaon o e Advascemen ofColres
Peaple NAACP), Sethrn isianLendsip Conlr.
enc SCLC], Conpes OfFch sl CORE].
Riuos Ui Lenoe [NUL) Stoden el Cord-
g Comaite (SNCC], he Nt Broherbod of
Seing Ca P MUSCE) kel hr o ipe
o mach. Thy snsweed o it ey o't
o e ey werenning 41 s 4 -
thod sprng o e s of Bk ppe.

S ey wern o h e, e Psident
et o ke he s Uy diso e o
o money s of e “Bi S pblicin e o
ol e e, oo o wih 0
llowegiing e gl o e v, To st puocd
e M dorwe b st e, Mt el
{0 govermmet il e Big e whe e o gl
e March, wheeto march,who cold sk o e M
i cokd s, el Wt could e v it
okl wht e oy wher o £ e it
roided vy gm0 wht i 0 e
vent 0 et e, The st was llwed 1011
ot o e 200000 chers ere v e wie. By
s SNCC memberblp st cliing o Mirch 1

{he g f e march s rgh o o e
ne docmat o he e

Orlgin of The Five Percenters

Clunce 13X (S was e from adn's
Neon of i Temple o 7 196 becase b wodl.
oo 10Ol pcie. e ey ot wi
et e g ot sbovadd New ok Cy t e
i and o O it ot s el
nemng bese yoh. Al Vi apeed b vl
e ess e s s e v Yout,
by 6 he d bl own “movement” il
TheFive Pramr The e comes o e el
1585 et of Black el e e ctle, whocominoe
1ot theptsone i (he ) o bl e nthof
God, e conlne 10 i i leocs o pcpe who
et s et et of

adom, s, o ey ho know the v o e
“Blck” G s e ok decived by e prscices of
Veoducin 10prces To Five s movemet
e g e N Yk S e e

by Seteand ey 1 Newion
Bl heton f the New Yok mespoionsres. Mesa-
‘i e New Yok iy Polc Depaiments Dt o
Specl Serice (BOSS). who ettt yes e i

i, il 11X 2 e o of i
Black Ml ™

Origla ofthe New World Natlon of Isam

InDecembr 1965 Nowark's oy ogh
Addoisl wineted gty ca ol v
ankrobbery i eered i chafer o llow i s
e, To feng roberscrvhed i o eghon i,
e o ek car 1 red st ugh B Moy
Vindiicld e sredhed 8 b, nd gl s o
i sanecptred Mhumnad Al s, kw35 Al
Dlcken, e s Wainion. Both were el s
e of Nk NOUTempie o, 23, beded by Mt
Tames X Shbass. All Fato Wi vere
rembert ofhe Nl Word e of b (9D, Al
s, b endr o Sepeme Fild commander, s
it of theNevw Yok R of e Feevay 26,
1560 e ss thton ot e Elo Mhamned -

e New W Ntion of el vder e sl of
Ticd Supreme Miste Fard Svio s dctued o he
i iisr b oty vl e NOT Mosis. Al
Hostan s Washogon were cavctcdfor e bk bty
e o Tt St o

EACT R ——
Sviorwas iy RO! Ml S, s s

]
ey pesco pennled betwe the llowes of Sabass,
‘b eied ool of Newark's NOI TempeNo.25,10d
the il N1 wh soght o galncotol .

i, Al o alsbed bk el
Vil Yo Y s h NV o prtncull. Aoy
ik he mors bl ol NOL, oo
G e Wi prcad toughou 0 New ey s i
Sy and h rmevopolian ey gheos. Tha NWIhepan
o upod o pe, bbb, oweh 0 ach
e g s e pchsed o S Corios,
1 i of g depednt Bk Naon

et rehwas st o e 196, Wbl G
s mrch ot e i, Al it oy
el 1o complt hmarch. O it dtng i
i iy SNCC o Wil Rk (k)
itd oty of Blck Powes Sichey Cumichar SNCC
Coma e h oy st sght 4 s lly
o Black Powr Movameet g s e coon
=

‘THE BLACK LIBERATION ERA|

Diack Panthers Usher in
he Black Liberation Movement

i e 60, on Py 31,1965, Mol
s e, bt s s ot o b et

et The llwingyew, Ockcer 1966, in

onied o Bk PaesPay o Sl Dl o
Fincpes st

‘Subsquesty thesume s shocenedo e Black

Panser Fary (BPF) 1 10 ot progs wis et
[rtegtin

T e—
s o e i commay.

2 Vot e o o

3 Ve antn s th bbry b s CAPITALST
e Dk commly.

0 Wt e bl o e s f b
ey

9 Voot hcuinfor e pcpis i
e f s it A iy B
o s vt o ey
el b e oy i,

© Vewun s Bk ments e ucop b iy
by

) Vevant s i e 10 POLICE BRUTALITY
L MURDER o Blck gl

) Vo e o Bk i e,
i couy oy s ekl

) Weant il Bl e whe ong ol b
by 3 e e e oy e
[t etibmiont sl
Comtonof e Ut S

10) W e i chvin i
ot Ank ot ot et
e Uned ot g il
Rl g h Dk ciony b ety
Bkt s i e e pa,
e pie of G b o Bk
[ootetqrteenerpi

The Pt s

o ork Py TT St

9

o ight i, Sondr ol Jon
ik sl “Ceoveyo™ Taor, A By Hosan RabertColle and Lot Shtee
Sandin, 1 1 K, Db Oling,Shab-Un. o Cuts Powelt

mmeroes rogaas v
b Oukid et e
ek o b, e
e s, ey, -

ke et P car-
opped. They nned st

e s, s e
picipeepremiriping
e, e ecmmented oo s .
B ke o for the ol 0 etl. Ty sfoncd
iy e one ight e s hoe. O s eoing
ey ity wounded policmss devd s s
wounded. The Pather i b Onianay commmnty
Fsponded il v cmpaig 0 v Hocy o e
4 chacibr. Toe CallarnaSemts g i
ecind b owpemiing hises 0 opnly ury s
idincy . The Prters stged 20 s s
{indeag the e s St st ot
e St e, whih pind i pociy " Tk
bl lgeer wih e Par’ pllotaphy o vt
ey i, sl defru, e he P ey

g, cabpaled e DY o rtonvido romperce

" bt ot On Augo 254567, st
Hooer e ot Comtelslignce P
(CODNTELPRO) marmeand which diccied b P i
ol olice offcae o drpt spciied Blckpalsions

ol i sder .3 et e i o+
Tk et

Attacks Increase on Revolutionaries

T Puthers ol e, bl offcs
cxh e e, Ay wen ey s g
ety Foam i 3ch <oty o s prcd

10 prvide cmmusityconeo ofschoos e st of
S oo e ko o el <hth, e i,
iyt s el e, 5 e e et
s for o communly They s nited om0
v dopepusher nd e o e commaniy
compig 1 sop ol mader s bttty of lcks. £
hey e out e commenitycrganivin s varions
ProwIm ey wee gy comrotesched o

st b h polce, ad some were v Kl doing
e rcmtn,

Oher revolulowr orgusiserssfferedsimisr
enspmets. TheRevoloontny Acton Moverments (M)
Herman Fegeion sd s Stmiod were e n 1947
‘o s hares o conspiing o Kl ol g e
Tnthe i year A Bk s Leich Jors (e pos
dplayigh) was e o trsporing wepoms b
in o e Newark s and s it i e Treren
St P vl suecetlsppst ovetmed s come.
lon SNCC'sRap Brown, Stokly Camichact s s
o s contaily esencdo e Wik g
oo s they isruted thecouey speakin o s
e, Conren pseds0culed Ko Dt o
e pshers o oo st s
e st Gt resk ot oo o e
e 0 el churges el s, A et
ooy rgaiers e crtoc wer bl e
“Tis i llow of evchtionre v o s
s evoluionary ot
B New Alfans e the wlls Hew Ak
e wee sl nenced by th dameuic veitiesry
imogher and e o e Al oo oot
S Asrce. Small o besenssng i o,
o colative, th work of et X, ey P Hewon,
The lack Pante newapaper. The ik e
comcporry nadona taion gl i Kutie
R, Jomo Kenyota. Frat Fanon, e Gasvare, Pt

o polics. The preetagsof ew Aan nd
T Werd prsccrs rssed i e pamies o Wit
pither et oughow S, prions. U
et of g el s cmeiovmcs.
et ercesages ofHew Ao sod s Workd
itoner, i dectenedmmbers o Wit pner, e
et s ovn seggaion polcie [l by e e

“The New Afel

dependence Movement

The e of sl tork b ot o M
29,1968 Oa i e Provionsl Govermncn of B
RepublicofNew Afik (NA) ws ot s convenon
beld st ok e Twenty Grand bl Dt
v 500 st it o opther ot &
Declaion of epemnce o bl o g
Dlack Nt i o A, e s Ao
[ R

Dlscls desing st BlsckNaton v lened
0 thnslves s o Dlacs i e S, s New Aians.

"o e o, s G, dsiog Manis Lt
Kings e i Memghis, ngy yostcont g o e
mach ke vy s b kg e wiodows.
Tanag, ndfchombiog. A 16-yer i oy s il 1nd
SDpcope e e coin violeoe ™ Thelft
i ooy sban e guesining waehr b
iy vas il et o e youlh ok it
Commtent On Apel 41 b eured o Mg, ek
i e ough s e tch, o o s
. G npoced n e o aler b cross
e o of Amrich. The gk f Blck Librion
e ot vl moee o,

ot ot e ot e, Folowing s o
ot proveraons I Clevelad, oty 2, 1968w
Ly Hovemen it ber st s ot .
sevenl polamen. A Ty Abmed Evss vascn-
e o b g o s i privn e o

et Cldop sred i he e rom e

ot Tl of Scthess A, Revwiaowes pped
up e oo sivhics o boh e of o

Detind o wells he Noow Al e ey

The Street Gangs

Shet g o, g

ook iy oo
8 1950 Among h e oorios Dick et s of
b, wer e oo, Do, St and o

Lo
Drsgon. Allwaned saiost ech
i by

By h 19605, e gt Wold Vel el
1tk o, Mk of o o Yo et pogs b
sy, Tk youbtol members hd soccumbd o
il thogh e by overdoe, o b e g
i i crdor 1 s ll e et sl o
e el g bt o wee nprison b f i
e e ool g sl e illgs

i ek, walod of e Bshop snd
Sckau g, e of e S were o ch ot
ok e et 0 h ety o s i
sl They prdutedup ough s Gl rions™
= Woodi s Comueek — 10 e Al s
e y e sk bl e e
621 v it bk upon e s, Whe b Pabers
el e i cot 1 1948, Lumub s ekt wire
mon et youlhs 1 g up. Loyt e
e hate o e Dok Panber Pyt B
Coptin. Schoucpned he Quees Craper s Lot
i et o i o o e ol -
oo i Lot

s pogs s

ster Discples Street Gang

Th Gangstr Discips were founded i the 15605
n Chicgonterthema “Blck Dicper b h e
Dt Bule, knwn sl i ang e e Kig
DRA Tha gouys s s e g v Bk
Ginpter Dl e il e e wi e 1o
“ e sy 170D 1t gl e

s D
[ty

COINTELPRO Attacks

101969 CODVTELPRO lecched sk on
e Dk Liberudon Movemeot s e, e it s
mas o Lo S s h New Yook Pshr
21 llowed with e o ey e o Black
Pusher Py ffies n P, B, New
Hurn ey City. D, Chicge, Decver O,
‘St nd Sin Dioge, ndwak coppd o i s
a4 bt it pod sl s
Inothe Lo Angls B offc. By mid i b
sty Bk eens et h s 0 e
i o cve . Founnely G g
o Vitaam vt bd e i S0
ihtnd 20 s, od o Punier e oty e
e, epression e th oseon ey dve
i ndcgad. Tho widpred siachs o P desd
et b coumey — Fed Humpion, Mk ik, Bchy
e, o i, oo Sevage, Wabe o Fper
Dby Haon, SyhesterBell, Frk“Cop P Diggs
Frd Dt s Co, Ly Rebeson o Svvog,
Sy Tak Wi, Al Rckiey A e
Stve Burkolemew, Robe Lawrece, oy Lot
Nl Clk, Wlon Armaed, ey Ml Scting
Joses, Bt Omava, SumelNope Harod st
R Web nang Sthr. I e e e ).
i llcoers nnans COINTELPRO meorudam 31

e of s PP wereied ey ot were
s, nd ey s we et i, Ober-wie
s undeyound. Sull o, ke PP Gl el
Donld "D.C" Cox. were v st el overcs
T RA skt stch oy, Do

i ezond ol convenion o arch 69, e .
Reverend CL sk’ New Bthl Chuch I Dl o
ol provecaion ik et oS00 .
b chach, Sevnl comreton mrpber were
vovadat o ol wa Ml b o, sod
he ot oo, 140 g, wa e o e,
‘Woea Rvesad Pkl (e ofThe Qe of Sl
inger A i) s Blck St Reprsenaive
e Dl B wes nformedof ety sl
Black fdge Geoye Crct who proscoded o ol

v wherba oxed el chac. Abmop 150 e
‘e g bl cmniad, They wers g g
oned, Tng i, e g it v o i -
ey o, b ol g f G
ok pocedures. Hous st et e
10 . oo o bt bl o
b e cmly e An gt g ke
et gt b o o e el g e
polc s charya ce ks v Ho
s ht iy o when the Woyoe oty v
ol b e pllc, v, The e
promied e o rbe methods o 4
e okt e e gt sty e by
ot ooing dy theplc e it o
bl vho wesld caspeckis g% Coata
ol Rat Vi, nd Al X it s g
ikt iling Al ere ke it n
sl Ch Follervas myseionly st s e

s st
OnFiidey b
Lthot e 199,
Claence 136, founer o
T ——
ol ssioned
It vt B
project e by e
il Negoes Hix
e wer et
e i sy
mspes govenment
complchy s dest.
Nowseors s he e

oy o fermen s
etwees he Nl d The
FvePasenen
[—

rlomeide e ks
ndc st Ty
U, Mok, Askol, s
e Sy Bthar
Delavare, Jolo Mbammad Bowens st e oo
Philadepis, and Panives Mondo Langn, 4 et
and erras Dosd Bovers. i n O

Pollc rounied o sl on e Pae ffice
heDedieePojecs of New Oreans wAh s n
versl anests. A il atack was e o o ecples
Puty offc n Housion. One o el e, ol Hampon,
s illed by poicesnd st Les O o, was
red e on s et chirg sod e 1041
e n s o e possesion of oo e
i

The Rise of Prson Strugales

Lik he Paher, most fthe s bosgh
b hilsophieswihhers e e pions. Likewi,
1wt hd e suppr commes toane degre o
bt i s of ol psoers e
g bbind he vl e sl b e vl
ol Comnies. The comblnsion et ff abeshive o
polica vty behind e wls, 1 s scpoed
ol gl e ol Afdhan, e, nd s
s st 1 ol Hrare, oty scces 1
o, o bl paishners, e 0o
Ciequai i, iven vocucnn g oo
Vil b o, beith e, b e e of
e vggles. Thefoms of plson sl mged
oo s negraon o macs e, et wriing
sl cumpags, et dmomtos.crs schon
e ks bungs ke, work ke, el nd st
rtic sons. vl fre f sl v ol
bk vt e ookt hd o for s
2010 oo e deveopmant o th Nee Al Hottion

12
ceupleeind e vk

i seopls ol ot bive b s il
e vould v b o e cosly s v st
ety codrd, b b ol o
ooty ed o communhy oppot gl gt
oo e pisones Wovt with e 5 s
bouth i vepor ittt svayesullist gy
oy, ek Ve e o G .
e g of i hed b e s, i he
e s comtiion o e pbcnr, TS
iy e, e oper hichvas st e
it hplson veRgis

The Changing Complesion of Prisons

A e 0o 0 o New Afflan s Thied
o sulosiie mad v ety 50 pecent of e pson
Popesian, N Bertonconclouess eceme e
Fomoan et ebind e vals s he el coplr:
{omacred o chengve i Whit 0 Back, Do, 18
R Todeead g gorerl dcrn o,
Py Whiebeught s dop ofbetwen 16050 rd
58000 il e poplton. The el b o
e o st v 16000 i 3500 whil
e s s o oAb prisoes e lghly
o canyedgelanl oe e e peiod Yo e
e dede would et prodof e new
i capscion, he ey 1l o US. s
g o suppeson o the wokin daee” 0
Fuuppesionof demeai Bck snd Thid World heacn
e i he U5

Origin of Crip®

e st s cgaienios n Souh Cl,
Los Anples. el h o e lak P Py
s soep i n e, weo e o el
e i Prthrswould el hle st v

ks, waborof BAD, wa e of b Famers.
T wee o Gidisos,h Bacemen, b Aenus,
liod Ny, e Rkl Rovsrs o i ow.
Rt e 1965 reelion n W, e v
esteady s of s ot v h st cpbations 0

s o rgr, more dsy vy - e Los egelen

Do by e e Bk Pty
oo 1 560 ket g
e . Tha Py ol o o o A s
et e s g, pond o s
ek b

Ty .t Py iy ey
st o o e orpoions o o
o b . et i 1 s g

Ths howerer, wers ey -
(CODVTELYRO o Py was s o it T by
a6, b e i bt o 8 PP s .
numbic ot v sl conrdicos b
ey theweghtof s, Couhilon el s
‘oo codog I you wil, s vindow f sty of
Nk b e s e conec et 82

(CRIF) wa o cly e e ot g e n e
oot Soth el A, ot payed et s o
e ot owdy o O i bt wes
Raymond Wingon wbo e bloged 0 g
raar ke e by Avrss. Tt ot
Verain et e 0 v whdning o o7
‘Who vty ks e, CRE, s nd 0V
et i . Wi e vanpad b nd e
Tl plgs i el e e, CRUPs B
oy ot ormave yeas, G Pasty's s o
Chien: Frhe s woescodcf Pty v
Thatol e CRIFS. Yot tr v eveoped whees
New Al e wes g f e young bodrs.
ki with 2 e s Fealy sl o esch
i s o hey e ot fcnol, kg i
el o Bt i i devcoped o ey i
Blood. The fousdag o he CRIPs e abled 151569,

George Jackin.

T pngcoboris o, 1 o o th e v,
ENTER THE "70s

T
o e e e o i ey i
TN S
e M oty T v
g
e
o e e
-Ihr_—h&q-w—m
Fom St etk
i e e o0
o ey
S g o o v b ot
i e e ety g

G ckon it Do, o Sk
oot v chure ihhe ey e ke
bekorvs e Sledd e Calona Bck
e il st e Brogher e s
chinof et 1 e ot the Black Gl
Fumily (B0, Th Pt pembesdd e
ctmpria o v e Selid Bt o e o ches
T

On Anput , 190, Sonhan ko, oinger
oo G et 1 e Rachl Cloqn
i, Wil Covtron, e s Me o

Marin Couty couthonse n Caifri. Joshan MeClae,

ovarea.10d i g s e by SWATsams
‘holio wousded te

Origia of the Bloods®

T ——
g et o g ke s oy
o et Sston, DemvtLane, P e .
i o e oo o Chs sy
et e mied wy i g T s
e s 1o Vo RSy
s ccuied by e o ot o,
ey Gl w108 e
ibhond s o i ek ko g i e
oy

e
oo wer ey f e D L, P
el P, R f 30 P, e Mol
B i oot el e s et o
Sk e s ko oy Do bt
e, it e e s el
oot s D e e
it oo ot CRIE. 0 ot
epabeoking i e ek s e, by
o o ko whoas i ol oo i
vl cponioo e CR Iy 1970 e
{edenion ol s emally i o o cyvide
Bl Thoy et h o b b ey
e o e o

[ et a—
e T ok Bloots st Cho, oot

e, ars commanly rfard 0 Blood i he

“Thathonds o wal he e i T e hs.

s cmberhip s rcrioent thy s s Bioodia
L) onairadon usercd s e copauom sy

(B0 Pntber aleenced oup sy bt e

o sy at o rne. The B Cooion
o e s o o o, ey, s
v e e o cxch s e, To s op
e, e Tt Bioods” e esdin e
Consialon stomalc ndcton o e ik -
e begun ik yong prisoes oo eadiog .
Once ead, e el conld ol et e .
ek of st oy b

1
ugust) of paying tnibute to the
artyhs and histony of Ous @

T s guniog o young et s Chion st off s ool e,
ipls o lseuction s bkaeays amcng Bl

s Cllomia o Thedunfcicneredwomnd Comende George Assasinated
Peabod 10 Foliom e Ao ok prt e e B

204 1 BOF comsiions e et nw Unied Bl

LT ——

O AU 21, 971, gt shot s i Gege
sl U0 ot e vl s in o4 o et e O
o S e Blond e chosen WHCH GOSN il s
eyl o e s k. To e

Blood e e e tho B o U

it ey st e o et
o i e e e e
Sty oo Ol oy e A e e
S iy i i Dot s g e e
i e ks T B O i 3, 7. e e ey .
‘o e S e Culfoi e ot 4115, s e e
ity e o, O e R e e e

S bl et . oSG,

previous vl yars b e b o

ho Dlcods ead 0 Puadens,Gurderi, Sn D, Tons e o i the comtry 3 st e

S Bl A e S it mtmetad e et s

piton . b st pesceably it e o o o s
e (4010 g bt e e s

Cilifornia Bay Area Gangs**

i oficla, AL AL Blck: Brow, W R
Yellow prisoes ok gvr o ik of e e s
o Prnchc's Day Arc guags o “lcs”cante ogeter o v dys scking 6 s e
ol bck o ey 19600 s e silly i by, ihemann condldos. Toe s s A ety
o . e bbbt o commnhin. Mo
olthoe fncionng oy cam o sl g of .
BPP s ke g
o Oukla,the G S Mob, eded by Fela
Michelnthe caly 1970 sl cxitsdesie
e ettt o vt . I ok Ok e
Rollig 20 s 700 G, son wih the e G
West bl s povertose ik o b s
S inecc,ther s Seny i s e
Point bl et e ans, hich o dkded iy
el k- Oakdl,Haor o, Wes o e Bt
Palo A homefthe Pl Lo Hids (P30
b 1 bfrnlance o S Dy s 6
Vel or b Nt By Gangrers s Crsio:
Mo By v g do's s cls b i
il 0 e bt ey and busling el
My s it with e Rap i ey o it
ariotsrson goup e 415, HOF, o« ANS ARG

‘Growh of the Gangster Disciples

T G P Oy M
comviced or ang o et 150
15300 o s e e o v ndr ol
G0 s s e syt Bl i

A oo o 3
1k men o e Bl s mact ey .

1960 GD sppcation ot il ot 11 ek e
oo sl ey e ocied o o g, iy

10 who ol M s e e G's 1 e o
30 e heoghonthe Wi and Midrwest s
e, The o of G bck o h s cotod .
©Sapand theie st et which i an e corman

15
e e, et b, 0 il ot e v 1 30
Bt ke bad el ablons. The o
Pitone demnl cated pllcl e e o
o et oty Redolls et 0 et
e arindowed a et iy of i fir I D'y
vghar o sbing Colord s s e s
et . Alogeter 4 pople dcd A, ew
ok S e bl K Dpcple —31

A gt eing A e hochd e vrd by
ne e by o e US pion . Yt 0 At
diontoo o leson e devlopmes o e
e Alfan s g bk hewall, 1 3.
o e g dveepmeet of prisone sl
iyt

New World Clashes With the Nation of Islam

101972 b st e for ol of
Newst't NOI TerpleNa 25 vt e ces. Wares
Nt e Wt s amsiaed NOLTele
2 i Shbsz. I o seven K1
memter e ke o il i o of b
et i v, s befr e e was ot b
oo clo i s Comprion werfund i
Neru'e Vet k. Al o, b i, wis
i v oneof e c-conintrs 1 o et o bz
s fomd e,

The Black Liberation Army

(COBTELFRO's detction of e BPP fced

o, The BLA conined s sl by worig o
i o e U, ough Bihly bl e
e Toegoveraments eniied swchfor 02 BLA
g ety 19708 esubed i e captr of G
g D, Dhorioa Dok s aml Yoy
etk v ShaBrown1nd Do MeCrsry i S
i,k Waingion st Mt Lok Angecs.
e Delin New Oriess, Francisco 1 G Tores
e Ytk et Maron Shows n el Chinto
Viomee b e, K il New Yk,
et At N sy sk
o, T Wl New Haven, Sty Debst
M b inVegiiad s Lel dad ding =
veranens et and dsoy sions wee S
ot of oo T, snsieted vl visly
pegman stk Esen, Woodie Chan Cren, Ty
Kotoyn OlaghlaMeyes,Fank “Hsavy” ik Anbny.
Ko Wit 7 S Melva R Kerey Al
Kembol e, hom e Rty Hihe, s 0 T,
oo er s Red Adams e rlyee (rom e vk
ey ptc e wldde o e les e
e e

e New Aol ighes ek,
o o g o s gl e
Tt Ol s the RNA1 e acksn, e *
Do Tyket b De M M ! i Shars,

e VI i the Vg s, Mk Col

1 Orrp ok Biade (O St b
‘Oitent o e RNA InFlordn, Al Shanas i CHsts,
Vi ke sndSehow Kot o Al Robert
howad urtn n Colforin, Keo BomaniSiba 1
‘DhrubeCinoe i Treson,Jca ot and o Lec
Tty of Al i by, ey Tyl Loviins
Kt Sl A oo v Prcemer BLA s

Drters i New Yk, D Chivis s he Wilningion 10
Nosth Curoim,Debrt s and MOVE b
Phisdlpis, i s dosbless 0 munrons o pame.

Paliical Converts in i

T —
3o Anduve Clk b s, 3 o s pr
exclnce, il e ein
he apicne e duing b of g by i
‘St s usrds Hogo Dahact il oo becume
el st bin en i th Callo w1564
e bas b o evr sice. Jon Lise ook e pck
e Wi Norh Carlin i who b wad 0 e
et ptom il s 0 i, S illed i, cxaped
New Yotk wasCpaed, e frced ot 1o b s
e Carlin cmp whes she fewed o b L. M
bl igincs s uppe nied et o comple e
Sesence i elive sty ed bt b ke, Dl
Wonds s ey Todd,Mcingeaugh Gergin wers
v e by Whie s who i o e . Wooks
ok s g, il i, s st 10 o where
il vy e e b Toch was i
oedad ety et o compleon o he
Scsene. Woods was deid i soverd s e
[y

ol o ot nch et was ot wih Ny
scesionsluedpsudical pblciy it cotned aabied
o2 gt h il The scgtiv pblicy i was
dcigoedio e s convicion tmokiscen be s
o voed, nd sl it placement i he
et s condiionspostit For men s il

mcant h e ety o o Mool For
‘ot has et h ool ke et pnin:

iy st Aeron, West Nigin, o Lesigio, Kesmcy.

Elfect of Coptured Freedom
Fighters on Prisons

T 1988l psones v B,
s Tone, nd S Rotebery wou DL
Distic out v bowght b e Adon Alpecs,
120 S, s ciber. The e ity ponely ke
v et scadin prsonee <ot wt sy
et f e plet s, Tos i wh rvered by
B<D.C Al Courtayer e Theespobicat
isonrs o st 1o M, Altson, o Luigis ot
ks st 0 e cotol uls modld e Mt
Lerngio bt loced wiki st sy st
prsons. Nomaly s s 23 oo ay oekdows
Tong e s e ot itloes Fr o Ty,
ks, s oy, i vy el d st
oncommnicalios Vi, i usile contact. conbled
ik coman i, rovscaon el by by
o gt

T e o o many coptrd e ighcs

(62 prlsee of war —POWS)with vaia et of
il cxpeiece sdded viluble dimenion o o New.
i e urggiebhin h wal. Ttk Gt
Pl celrtd e etonsggis sy s,
Pty e stk o ool s, Om kit
eaesied by Michacl Detch s ey Vs of e
eapesLaw Offce, Cicgo, whchchlooged lo's
Uit o ol A was spesbended by A
Sk s Cete o Convona ighs i
Chlengl b out o e placemet e Aldn, Wet
Veahls.contol i

iy e——
5 exporsof COINTELPRO' and o tesity
‘e wagedcnHew Abtka o Thi ord sdomlier
e U, Thawar by Gl g it
St Hasons aw ffic i h Ve and b Db e
Wahadwih oy Lis ik, Rt By, 1 ot
Labeln e B Thse COINTELPRG ivsigios
el verarnof Bin Wahad's it s s
et o s s Msch 1990l b b b s
e 19yt o i b ddwt comle

Tt i boadesed the ope o e move-
st 1 ntemsos e by prdcio h it
Faaion of o .5 pllct elone andplaoes o Vit
PPIFOW) e befors o U o Righs Comts-
i, T sprtch rgintd i M, v
pesbenl by i sy Kby Bk on o Vst
ot b S Aol e ey Loss Hisdsof
o Natonal oneenc ofDlach Lvyes on o -
Cout™ Thisption oot el o b ighs
olnion 5. plsns 0 bl s
i ppst gt o ik st e dminsion 104
it it coled oo Geners Cometn.

oo e, it and ek
oundon polin e ard dtof praar conr
1 e N Al commuy Lo, e Ntod] Qution”
eibended by N S b Midwes

Al s g, e thos lredy I prces,
e oot with S cimion i e for et
st prcoer, o commanity o e s
Commnky eppon whenpreent che o o soorcs
2 iy comrte, ends:polticl, e, el 54
e g v worke,profssonals, nd o
v moeiupe ol . S of ok aalved
ver ey e a5 b el Commitice o
Defese o Pl P, e Blck Commanly News
Schvie, o Al Peples Py, e Repeblc f e
e b AbcanPeges S Py T Bt e
BlsChondCommusicaon Nervrk Liberuion Dok
Sl WDAS Rdio el WALS RdiNew Yok, oo ecrese I o prisn popeation sd Wit priscees
WA R New ork, Tl Wod e, Lrsd | And o ool Dsck et poulaion incsied el
(ool joumat of o P Ricsn Movieieniode gy o hanged sgicanty over B decde of e
erdonNlont MLND. th P P Opamlng g0 veugh 1973, cates o New Afhns
o, o May 198h Commu Orgeiaion he. e impisond s whe ey gh et B v
M Do GrpacsCollcie, Th Midlgh Espes, b syrocheting mprscament s et lowe, 0d
e Nt I Sl Py, Nty Bl coloud o, were cnctved g e lck e
et P o oo of bl Arm To S Black . The govrnmen sl B e (0 b e
Nevs: oo g Lok Duonay b s Dgon pion bl i 1 pla o iy scers
Prjshe ot Brown A KinComes, o Naors b npisnenof popeof .

Prsn Prjec e Howe o e Lard Chrc, he Ameian
FrcdsSevie ol omeys Chck o
o Ferponof RogesLepl G, b Jickson
Rbrocao rexspaper, Rt sders, o Commiee o
o o Lochdown, he Amrica i Movecs,
ndoben.

Matidaiosl Tk Fore, i e November 2. 197, i
ibeaionof Aust Stk —"Soul o he BLA”1nd
reeinen pallin s of h . The Tk Fore
ok et vy 1 h sty ofpllical syl n o
e e g o

The End o the 105 ‘THE DECADE OF THE *805

o decde e down the e 0 e -
demisof e NOI oo he dsi of Bl Mokamsd
£ i of nhodon i mong gt g of
New Ahan b e af o il By 197 0 ko
popinionood w3000, whepping 00000 et
Vi sl et Th previou 100000 s,
1036010 200000 bd ke 3y, 197 10
195, T sz 1 100000 had ahen e of
yeun.sice A’ gl cloil s, The Gl
e i decade o Wik Wgh ks -

1 Jure 1980 Al sz was s s 16
o e N Ty e plson. Two manths i (e
orkof o (WD) memberswere aesid s o
Deunewik, New Jrey, bank ey I ca ih sl
s The car belonged o the recody lesc Al s
ko hadloand o ind. Al asan s 15 e
ekt s o paricpse e rsling s ol
hich card e 3 Ruketering oo Com
igaieaion RICO) dictment with conpney fo10h

ok o e porpose o e vaiaos N1 i

18

e fsberoce of e g Dlack oo,
A et e comeed 1 e b e walle
“Th B brough b roed o BLA o,
G bend wall — BaheeeHameed oAbl Mol
807 Sekos Odings, K rlgon, ol Feguaco .,
Tl cepht gl Ml S, st BLA
Molieaonl Tk Fore supporere 8l Ty Kbk
Long, Opr Lualo, edthr 2. T governent’s
vecplt Myt S e, K Blugn i
ey dend i o AIDS, o Sk Oiega
Bty e vpon capue, ottt ncudd uling
outhisocnals s rpemin b pancresdcog g
it bentgs it o sl o s
Dot scondrownd o cupaed BLA eedom
g broughs o, pehap i e, bty o
young, ol s New Alékaneyer — Chokwe
Tamsmon, 0 Solyoh Elh, Nizch T Adfn
iy, e Clsmeoge, Michoe Tulf W,
Eveyn Willams,Joun G, Forence Morga, o e
Thy e oty sl I rprsctogNow Alan POWs
e Nw Akandepdenca et o, ll o
i died 1 Rrhr devloprrd of o New Al
Tbeaion sagl e e wal. i
“The e s rougt bhind h wals Mia
A, e widly rapecied Pl o s
e, popeny koo 1 b Vokaofh Vleless ™
e it eady deumbest of o g o
MOVE prss. o wa rving b ight o
Decenbers, 981, whea e hagpeed 1t e
b i s et
Vv woppd g oot o e caland was et nd
sy wormdd: o polccmtn was il Mol s
it o dest o n esst eed of s sppeet o erey
i b sved o h s et chl
K o of h Ui e s (UFF) was

Momia AbuJomsl

st e h wall o K2 o was lssdla 191, T
198, the Usd S sy (USP) Mo,
Wil v pemasey ocked Gows, ot ptsn
i conveted i o e conol it mikin
a's it contrlpson. Theconcep ol e
s comn I h e oo

Do New York§ — Colise himags, Vit
Pt s e s Robrt R T oo Roge W,
‘Omoval Clay, Lt Carer, ol e, e Yot
Kelly— wer et onOcobe 17, 1984, s chyed
i conptn 0 come et breskons s e
obberics 1 1 possss weaoos e e, Hovever
e Now York § wer sy h New York + b
st B prsns were ol g o s
connecionwl b case. The New York & werescqtd o0
g, 198,

Tt iy Ramons Abe i cthr MOVE:
comande ey bhind o whll, Her oy was bt
e v Piladelphis Mayor Good's May 1, 1985,
g Sich crvmaed 11 MOVE menbeachdn.
e b, s, o, 1

T lovingye, Novenber 15, 136,820 yesr
o Do, New York, Yo, LureyDavs sw Al Abd
koo, ould ke drae ccapo g s bt
0l who b cn 1 e b sl
i D g ke ey, Sovr polcmen v
Counded i s e, Adien excped sced bt
endred weka e I o prnceof B medi M-
il 1 o ghbbod st Al
e chuges, i, o gl v b spascd
o inese of o Vo ol comraed rug g bt
o Black nd et Ric youla o psh e
aplc g, b wat et bl e il n g
maviencomclon. Sinc ncacerion, rat
Ceningsy gt hve ety i b i s
2 contoed i b

ey ot s o vy o wespon s
Sonicions. Bachcomleted i e o e
e s g

Herman Fergon t 6 eus od vy
e o e U, on A 6, 1989, e 20 yeas i
‘Ghae, A, e Oy, S A, o b 5
U, g he 60 i e sppel v e calis
ntoceo 31207 yous Tllowin A i for
Corptie o e o Righs . Upo e b
s e o et v v oty o
Pantopiaon o e yous 4 ol e,
Doy st srin il e e e e bk
B v ehre b contes o g o Al
b,

"The 80 brosgh e Resgan el of

It
anand Tid Vo pope. The CA toded Sosth
(Comal, Lot Angc, e “crck” oci and g
et off 6 wave of i velence it cvessly
npled commaiien o colo 1 s e couty.

‘iketheCRIP, e Blods ver il flcnccd
Iy bk Por Py, ot i e delug of CIA~
Conrn cck s s b S Cor, s wlh 20
ey egerd o drect v, o Bl 0k
ol of et . Un i sewide sewor,
Tock, repowe, s lod i ideo s by
e e e crd oo s o 6
ey

To Renga 801 o besugh st bt .
ecsablabncet o b NO! s iy of M
o Farakhan, B aprcchamant wih he Sovit Ui,
umberof Now Akt FOWs ioplg orthodonlam '

erirgene o RNA 1 bnr crie for g New
lrianLdepenioca Movsmn (NADM), O Ml X
‘s Moreneot (XM th New Ortesss s
oo Lo Sk of the e 31 v 8 sy
in s il derorsrnions o s he Dy of
Ouinge i New Yook Clyspehended by s December
120 Moremansog s,

T end o thedcade g he deah f sy
Newton, fosadrof h Bk et Pay, ey Wi
by Yoy Blck Gl ity iberen oo Auga 22
1985, o e i oy gh o Back
mass sl o ppab ecugh g
“Ponerto b Pl o swed the Black v .
Pl esogh e sopa “Poical Pover st
of e barof s ™ Forth, 0 el M human
shrtcomings, b s o o Black s
et s o oo s compurle o o
et i o s, e Osvey, i Mikas

Ml X, M Lshr
<
2% AIDS, st
e ung e,
Romdcmen and s e 1
aloded thrssghon he Bk
oo, Th i popdation
onJma 0, 1989, coped
67000, n et 37000
et e o e,
Caoig th iplag o dsbing
e pouiaian 1 34 ks,
nd bl s it
et New YorkCly rions
b 1o avercrnded ey
g i e s s
Vil Bennt, frmer US.
Scetay of B s e
-cled Drug o st
et o comver e millary
e o concenion .
T i bulin spees s xcloed mpion-
met e ol uesbakcd. The e pler e
Joungt, e vl i oo s snerces, 10 wer:
Overshciaglyof New Affkandod Thied Wrd satons
sl women who we bl ncuared s
Incewing e Tole paceing of e pvn popusin
ose 10 percant i 198 fom low o 3 pescent 2 19702
Ve comiaed o b e ot bt o e e
s B whle e New Alfham arvs e s
{ha o Blacks i Souih Affa. T it heUS. Dk
mprnmca e wht now e Nihes I e world i,
e i ey Bk ¢ Whtesincucered e 10000
oy

THE *90s AND BEYOND

A+ woegan o mave tough the 90, New.
o crion ol bbind e wal foud sl
Conuing oued cxmpuig e polcl priscnes 1o
pronasof e helpieg o Bl ol FRPOW
Oranizaian, srengiog s inks 0 h et 1.
o sy e ol wer. 1991
ought e colapc ofhe Svie Uion s the s of 6
(Cld W, e many f e CIN' Bt e
pesonnel o rdeployment back to Ak 0 s
Gmastcwar gsnt pele o el Inh e mars
o COWNTELFRO peted echalqus devclped b
Infamous Pamr ok h e of W1 s i
st e Commanis Paty US . SCLC, SNCC. B
NOL i, 4 ler e movemets eptiac I
operies weddesublladon chnquesdveeed
Easern Europe,Souh Al Soutbest A, i 10 wsh
avoc i New Al sd e domestc ommanites o
el oy,

‘Ao e csbihed medis concetd a1
csationsiaf ght ok pdemics, et v, i

2
by shootng nd g vience,ber wis & palel g,
e priodfcononoes o n e Now Al
it by o commted ndepesdnce e, Toa
ehanc consciotnss o e colnisbpa o et
o o appsnt oo pcks ofehellon s
oaol msraiv s e L. ol Hop "ot
e ety dsgped i s, dmemisdon of
el v e esproalngof gt
Pecodical s e resurecionof gt b of
ichpeasgd s cppenedpcple g sy o psh
Torward . Ml b US. b biling = ADX
o Pison Florece,Colond, hich wold b
cerede o o USP Mo, ool ADX s
Fovace cmbo,n snge e contl et
oo, e e et e echaboes i o
e pfced s USP Marion.

1993 P, . s of i s
Pubr b, Fed S v st e e wal.Hewas
o o tsobin o s Koresa Sl g
o2 amah o h SVl Clfne, el bt
e foe plcenof th Ry Kin esiog which
ol e Lo Angles it

T 1934, Sne Upnsishsrsponded o e
POk Masan.Sekon Oding, et o,
ot Sk by htng o o onferenc s Kt
iy Mo s vrows NAIM sresznons discud
{eraing hmiives o adonal Ft. A yar o

ein e negotlosa vaus s s Escuion
Vol n Adoi,Georg. On Augst 18, 1953,
NAPO,th Decerber 120 Movermes, OKGH, e
Voo X Cammemocaion Comitiee (XCC. e
BlackCu Calictive (BCO) Iermiona Campign 0
Fre Gl the Sendit Acol Freedom Capign
AT, o e POV and ot cpal.
o oty i vderh b o e
tan i Frot (AL, besded b Herman
"I ik 500 browgh e Wod Tsd Cot
ombieg i gl h e of e US. ey
bttt o o th o St Unon e
o new bogeyman. I podoced the i e
ol PHFOWs - Al Al g, Rasheed Clemest
El. Stk O Raman, nd b
el e s browgh o grosing
R ep———
e e sl snd plcl gl e
s e wieg movemens bt mt s plesopty o
ol et - 104 whch e 0 b
embiogof e o Cy Febra Bulin cteg
8 et Upon v, Tis Ve gh, o - wiger
nd by e h i e, unepd s asagsof
by cming POW s, Hews btaenly
ot e iyl overiagked i e reclaconags
s cae ot Mg’ s o vrancl e
U5 pmvrmmants arcivemen o i dus o
i iy e ot el e s
Caryig o asisions e becue b an-

whelaiog oy o i Mled o saoad byl
s couey o pla ol

ooy Megh bd b 11 Al A,
‘bl ek, b eyed ulot who el ey .
dnlad e A wayof s St b vty beved
. oo oy rough tho il ks et

o, wa opd o e Speil

Fore bl op & pect o h iy . Tero
el ometin et sverage tinkin s of clor
v ks et of ek v o fovod il o pors.
eVl o words provid e o

1 1 Ocbor 1991, lter o s -
o, M wigh dacond s el g ld-
bt o b Spachl Frescommanir gt b
orkeedto el e CU. Ty drgh 50 o U5 0 (o
o sperion” d vk e n b i il
e i v pald s

Diluiooc b amired wih o US. goves-
et Mcigh s ervards el oy s
et dee ot b iog il celes sk
e v yas i spon M st in o Ok
Gy bombing e,

T 90 found Wit s el Bl
4o Mt oo colboring wih Black FOWs Ofors
Ll Sekou Oing, o et Acl wich s
{omafrton f il Now JneyAsctis Blck
e e s ABC el (ADCP) whih s srves 8
e model o e prope iy o iz povide

‘MatisBlion, Sekou Odings and el Bl

2
Notes from a New
Afrikan POW
Journal

ke S50 g, o S50.000 worhof powcred s,
e comonly sochtod i weahie Wi, befce
g b sy 1 hmid 50, 1600 enpe wese
ottt s wek,every v ut ffur wee i
lack o Luion i the e of Atk omen mpeton
e ring st han at of Alflan e
o Bl wee 90 prent o he feder cnck covic
s 19545 The normal ssompionllows h Blacks
(o mafcty of ek wer. Wiong] White e e
ooty of kv bt wee s ha 4 pcan o
e cunicion™ 1 1o Whle perion b comicted
00 e vk offne e Los Amels s
1586 e e, Mism, D, o 1 s
Lconting o 199 ey A e, hr e i i
i o peison s o s 1 o f cvry >
Ao e 4564201029 s b inn, oo probaien
e e Moo th izt wer o by 40
Inlomanc ined ety oy, o bard i, o
cbang o he o o rom oo of
=

T Afaeiobylg Congres for o yurs, Pl
Agsst Mty Mo FAMDO) 8 peaisaly
ik loby procp, ucnsdd i oo the b it
oy stz owered o maan e LSD comcons.
B dngh o ers commonly sl wih Wite

Hendrt 1 FAMMpoccst e n e el o
s Wbl fcder o ong prisn emoces
lcks ad tber prser ofclo puledly v

pinpled s 1o Gl sppect o POV of .
el Toe oo i hssed h epoviogof
Diak vy rascaispaernd s b BFP -
{he Blck Pt Clcire,he Black P Sl

oo, e Now Biack Faers, nd h Dk P
M- sin i e NOT' Miir Lot P’y
gt o e 16,1995 Milion Mo March

Dy Wuago, ., bl force o 1
o Al e nd word g nhe i, -
U5 mavd e the bt i e gt of s i

of e, s e e, The avemot pased

'NAFTA i lgimineh i coporons’ oy of
SedingUS.Jobovres. Caloriapasd Proposon
209 i led Aflmav Acion progrns tesophost
e . Thn, fotd Propctlon 11, vhotspupne
e et s it st il gl
Lon ot e o . The Fder gvermen i Black
Voo dsics ad pased Cl's s i Bl
i sy ceed e b of i s, desh
peahy e, el d semameets, st o pople
o, ot ik bl 3 i oo,
oo enion et

T -l Wt o Drug”sent Blacks s o

el of o mors commony iisled it cck

Corine o prisni drore whie allwing Wht s
oo e Fiv pams ofcchworth (o bdrd ol
o bbby s iy .yt prison e, bl -

o it coecon s b e o e grss gty
eoeen cnck s powdered cosina stnces, Srcsl
e paed b s e g 193 C-SPAN
TV v oo e Comperions e dbiog
Gupry o pencig. Congresiont Bk s (C1C)
Incaber Masoe Wal summation seee,ypicsof s

ot b Congrssprsnsn fvor fconecin b i
o follows:

M Coalman, we have e bfor by s
vesiog poming oot th daprky, plning o e
ety poning ot e oo s
R speric now. 1 am s i ch f
{hotric andllome socaled comeratos
ny i o the ler e o el v e
g iy ot amgd o0
i my collgyes e g re. 1o g
Koo ht hy e commanitg. Bt
Iy collage what e mdhrt oy comanity
b e

The say Mo, Wt wy do ey o e bl
g e Wt i s udes B b
oppd eutes glag oot Why i
o amounts o dvg e fowig ol e it
fes? Where do ey come f1om s why éo ot
hey et e i, Me. Wots, vy i it
1y s wh e ou it b comatity
g otk crckcocane, Wiy 1 8 ey

2
erdup b Fderl syt Why b thy -
vl 3.yeur i mandaioy, up s 10
Ve ity ssesces? Wy c o e 5
et gt

Theytay: Wobelior el complcy, it
bt mbrs I s commeiics sy, W b
e e complrcy et o e snd
it cu o, They do s sodersand
W ahen polcymaker e p 1, O I k-
Incieionhat we thoud b concredshoe. At
[y ———
o il o whe v v g1 o ik
Comctnteon el e, st 1y 0.

Ty by M W, we do ot undertnd it
o o e wh e llends who

il e crmaniis? Tho s g ot
ot s they e n egling whic com-
e b h o g o They -
Copeio o cmmuriis o h Fedr e
Thas o ke g o tho Fdera sy s e
i b s s ke, o
he S . Ty g ol with hei frcy
ey i pobain, whh s, i o .
s o ek .

b i, forhseof mycllsucs whost
o e .

e ofCongres prtendin o o Comtn-
Lo sad 3 democcy ey, e 12w .
i, bt ot e cotns 04 we ey s -
ook T

When! e e h (i nd ey brow e 0
o, il g, In Lo el e
U5, D Cot proseed 0wl sve,
ek offsesbewesn 198 1ad 1954 Aod 7
e el ot ey ke may by
ol Thi s dsp h act -t
s b b i e e whie
‘el ol o el s e, T
e s s 1 v .

e Chkonan, ot e ey oy it
e 0 o e what by 5. T pty
i, bt d sy olenpos igh e
e of themscivs. 1t s, bt s
Tl wie s ek gtlng chgh p 1o
e, Theywe ot teplsd. Ourchdrn e

e Chieman, by s g o s e -
e il iy et e .
it ply.

Do e best s and psomeplcs o

O memicn i ko Le, Comyr, Wes, Fatsh,
Foke, Lovs, Miume, Poyee R, Sk, St
it speches by son-CBC mesber i, Bk

e et i, e Congsa v 1 0
o . i 100101 ey b ok sl

o coam s It pn xptodd

n
it 14, ahgh o wee it o e
i il o e couney et il e
e bt pons ok G, Th dpity b
povircorain sein v e o
i e e s o e o i CSPAKTY
oo o i el TV

Oty v i chemst rwfser b0
A s
s i wh e v b et
s A e pad i gh ool digoa ke
42000 e Ty ik mor h o ey s
A ol ety At Ptz nd 4 31009
o b s pble bl ke s ™ Tho
et el ot s g o cah 430 -
i meaing e cach g he s ok p et
ety ick o b f clr, ey W s
e iy W, e et s bl
et Wit e v 10 oo, e
loyd Wl oo

A e of 0 ..oy scuin s o
i e o e g prodac, the US. ey
e va b apia h i o US. prison prohcs
bl e i ampede by Wll S et
poruiot- St By M, KTAT, TWA, ez
Tesmumeas. e ComputyHonds, Lesit,Spalding, Edie
B Bl Mttt . ad many e - &
ety et 1 e, st o e b it
o md 1 et vyt ofh e v
ey o s s whl oy diccin il

g i o b dceso oS
s, v s e e, e o
it it i et o b
it ot e v
ikt o eibin L7 o
i iy f v s Bk

g oo o 7300 o e
T 4o npeben o
ot it e i il
ool Gt o Sy T
e e e gy Bk
93 whe Bl 03 prn
G ool car by Tyt
s ek o7 et f b
i pon T e o 2
ey e psne e he
ot

he el vorcs
coimerio e, T e over
200 v s o 4 s

omen'a pion e single mathers. Upon peomncnt
oy o otk wih hi en ometises (e,
oo we 61000 chlden e U whose moes e
ety

T e e b ecom ot weedor
“Blck s orpeie of o™ Thacry o e 1nd
ek e o e my by s o
e s 4 e ovecywhre. N0 el
o o s, Conad et and comrlpitaon
e o e dicpesnd s by e s
(e b crdr o e day: The W on Drogs condinct 1.
s gt 1w, sty e
oot of ol ok o o Y-t
e o o et e il
et r-ciaes s Bevogh maseimpcamert 15
ety i . Tk et o s - T
oo o e s cur own e

‘Derie s mprisomestof o
youl o coventyfoniog deudyIesccioe var v
Blacksret pnga e shbrrence ofthe Al comasity
o et “oscn S sporsced by Al

ommuney, o honeadrs b e
elive,sihoughchcherd s The G
e Do t Ly Hoover dicon,bave ey
et ol o rm il ocgslion o
o ganeaion for grsots mpovemas 1<)

tomoh

eamape s food i
-2 et of bap of Corih e e fod
iorrswer i oty e poe. Thee gl slon
Comelten 21 Centey, sl Chicago v egstlon
e coniand“posce s 10 eld i
ppartof bl cre el vesanly v st
e e et b chrcbes, i commty i
‘i pve e 8 et of sl poica o
Tormor G0 " cvmlc” Willace-Gbar Brndiy (3
o At st b, bty 19545
et Whte s it oo ackocn 0 5
Gl st “combaln ™ Tha D' Pt
sl row sboug b My 199, il e e oo ol e e I iy
Lury Hoone and i et wrs ol of ihh veprccdented gt yous e of e
ol cmplcy 14 il Back ot tho Mlon M Marc, v

Ay esce o btwees b Blods s el s st Pl e Coy oy
‘R el ermitet faroaps s contt provcs- i Wil e he ok o s

i Aaro Michcs f e Now Black Pachrs o Dill, s FOW, Gvi:
et whch costoted he Kl oonsrvlon s Under POV 1l Mrtni's ol el
“Texu ellving o bl lck-op e vy Wit NALP i compcton b b0
i o Black ick, Jumes By Jc SomeLala Comiees Hormtn e s Slys Bobharmgh'
Kingt s I e York Cy s ol sl puivewosk S ik Mar o n M, 990 i
ot Pt Rl commanlty whch sl o maln i s et ki bl of o O
{eain o h rocen s roundep s et o W L FOWa i h U, Tl ofpcploaf sl
KingslnNew Yok Lud Kings wers e shon o o s couny comvcpt 1 Mokl B 10
Racislescs Dy and ok pu i kver fhe_ e e Mokt X Pk o e e st
Besckys's DA O o demad Jus o thpllcs e sovers s, caling o .. recoppionct sy
{marder of Yoo Xin Hotng 1 Anbel Caralo, When o, i PRPOW ncverted b e 5. Gt ot
o e of Anthony B wia sl erd ek acke et h i dssnbon s

Mubazinad ety Ben Chvih, Dol sk,

LulsKig condaent marchod o the Getoer 2. 1997,

uional Deyof Prtst Apain Polc By The La Bskna, All ey Haman, it Dl T, L s bt

Klnga o ook prt n b it 1 e b vl o sy v achctin o 4 it o s FTONS

denbsow Pola P Mmia A Jamal Simlac o piaon o 19 53 i oo

ol s hvebec bt on ccadons by The o h o s pople o Sl

o it work wih o Dlak it st f [T —

Brochys s Quces, Now Yo by of oo euughot he consy guberd b
e b s o decdes, the GDx bave prowa . Milon Youl Mt Moncnt o Hode o york e

bl 30000 mambnes wih G0 Chapers o sout 35 Ao, Georia. The Mo Youth Merece i Al

s, pmuly I th dwes® The Blouds brsreached

Hew Yk Cly, d hav et n st evey s Ty

e b s Blck et

D Repartlon or the Black Nates,

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1. “Pison Popution St Ve Rcort, Exiy” N
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